Hydraulic and Thermal Machines

Fundamental knowledge of Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics.

Theoretical: Lectures – Presentation of the syllabus by audiovisual means. Theoretical-Practical: Problem solving under guidance of the instructor for each of the curricular unit components. An additional set of problems is also provided to the students in order to support the individual study hours. Evaluation: Each component of the course has a score of 10 points. In each part, students who obtain a minimum of 50% of the grade will not need to repeat that component in the following exams during the academic year in progress. Final approval is obtained with a passing grade in each component.

HYDRAULIC MACHINES – Provide a large perspective of the various types of hydraulic machines/turbomachines (pumps, fans and turbines). – Learn the theoretical fundamentals necessary to characterize the studied machines in order to describe their working principles; – Define the guiding parameters of selection; – Identify the main fields of application of the different types of pumps, fans and turbines.
THERMAL MACHINES Acquire knowledge in the areas of the production, transport and use of thermal energy, particularly in the following subjects: – heat exchangers (types, main constitution and accessories, calorific power and efficiency, selection and application of heat exchangers) – types and characteristics of fuels (analysis, calculation and combustion graphs) – boilers (classification, constitution and manufacturing processes, different types of boilers, equipment and accessories for boilers, thermal balance and efficiency calculations).

HYDRAULIC MACHINES 1. Classification. 2. Dimensional Analysis. Similarity theory and Buckingham Theorem. Non-dimensional coefficients. 3. Global efficiency of pumps and turbines. Specific speed. Standard machines. Definition of the geometry. Characteristic curves. 4. Cavitation. Net positive suction head (NPSH). Cavitation effects: destructive effects and changes in the flow pattern. Ways to avoid cavitation. 5. Pelton, Francis and Kaplan turbines. Pumps and fans.
THERMAL MACHINES 1. Heat Exchangers: Types, constitution, calorific power, efficiency. Selection. 2. Combustion: Complete, incomplete and stoichiometric combustion. Types of fuels. Combustion calculations and combustion analysis. Combustion analysis graphs. 3. Boilers: Classification and types. Boiler components. Combustion systems. Boiler accessories and fittings. Energy losses and boiler efficiency. 4. Thermal Balance: Mass and energy balances of thermal equipments and systems. Efficiency.

NAO

Recommended Bibliography:

– Grade, A. M. (2007). Apontamentos Teóricos de Máquinas Térmicas. ISEC, Coimbra. In portuguese.

– Mendes, J. C. A. F. (2005). Apontamentos Teóricos de Máquinas Hidráulicas. ISEC, Coimbra. In portuguese.

– Oliveira, A. V. M. (2017). Máquinas Hidráulicas – Análise Dimensional, Teorema de Buckingham, Teoria da Semelhança: Texto de Estudo Complementar. ISEC, Coimbra. In portuguese.

– Oliveira, A. V. M. (2020). Máquinas Térmicas e Hidráulicas: Diapositivos das Aulas Teóricas,

ISEC, Coimbra

– Grade, A. M., Pais, L. (2007). Apontamentos Práticos de Máquinas Térmicas, ISEC, Coimbra. In portuguese.

– Oliveira, A. V. M., Mendes, J. C. A. F. (2016). Máquinas Térmicas e Hidráulicas: Caderno de Problemas. ISEC, Coimbra. In portuguese.

– Quintela, A. C. (1981). Hidráulica. Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, Lisboa. In portuguese.

Additional Bibliography:

– Henriques, A. G. (2016). Barragens, Sociedade e Ambiente. Esfera do Caos, ISBN: 978-989-

680-172-4. In portuguese.

– Oliveira, L. A., Lopes, A. G. (2020). Mecânica dos Fluidos. Lidel, 6ª Edição, 2020. ISBN: 978-989- 752-492-9. In portuguese.

– Glassman, I. (1996). Combustion. Academic Press. 3ª Ed., ISBN: 0122858522

– Kakac, S., LIU, H. & Kakac, S. (2002). Heat Exchangers: Selection, Rating and Thermal Design. 2ª Ed., CRC Press, ISBN: 0849309026

– Kitto, J.B., Rahn, C.H. & Stultz, S.C. (1992). Steam, Its Generation and Use. Babcock & Wilcox Co, 40ª Ed., ISBN: 0963457004

– Kohan, A. L. (1997). Boiler Operator’s Guide. McGraw-Hill Professional, 4ª Ed., ISBN: 0070365741

– Ramesh, K. S., Sekulic, D. P. (2002). Fundamentals of Heat Exchanger Design. Wiley, ISBN: 0471321710

– Raznjevic, K. (1995). Handbook of Thermodynamic Tables. Begell House, Inc., 2ª Rev. Ed., ISBN: 1567000460

– Walker, G. (1990). Industrial Heat Exchangers: A Basic Guide. John Benjamins Publishing Co, 2ª Ed., ISBN: 0891162305