Pathology

A brief overview of the most frequent pathologies and criteria for seeking medical help

Slide presentation. Encouraging home study with proposed clinical cases to be presented by the students.

• Knowledge of the foundations of general pathology and recognition of the pathophysiology of high-prevalence diseases.
• Differentiation between physiological and pathological aspects across organ systems.
• Identification of signs and symptoms of the most common pathologies and a basic understanding of diagnostic methods and therapeutic approaches.
• Mastery of the clinical history-taking structure, integrating anamnesis and physical examination techniques appropriate to the competencies required for the profession.
• Recognition of alarm signs, referral processes, and diagnosis for autonomous counseling and integration into multidisciplinary teams.

1. Clinical History: Collection structure, reason for visit, anamnesis (the seven attributes of a symptom) and review of systems. Brief concepts of personal and family history.

2. Physical Examination: Inspection, palpation, percussion and auscultation techniques; systematic sequence of physical evaluation.

3. General Symptoms and Alarm Signs: Fever, asthenia, anorexia, weight loss and night sweats.

4. Cardiovascular Pathology I: Arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia and acute coronary syndromes (ACS).

5. Cardiovascular Pathology II: Heart failure, valvular heart disease, peripheral circulation diseases and syncope.

6. Respiratory Pathology: Asthma, COPD, pneumonia, tuberculosis, sleep apnea and lung neoplasms.

7. ENT and Ophthalmological Pathology: Ear diseases and vertigo; Infections of the nose and sinuses; pharyngitis and tonsillitis. Dry eye, red eye, eye emergencies, glaucoma and cataracts.

8. Endocrine Pathology: Diabetes Mellitus, thyroid disorders (hypo- and hyperthyroidism) and obesity.

9. Gastrointestinal Pathology I: Acute gastroenteritis, appendicitis, cholecystitis, peptic ulcer disease and gastroesophageal reflux.

10. Gastrointestinal Pathology II: Liver diseases (cirrhosis), celiac disease, Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis and GI neoplasms.

11. Urinary Pathology: Infections (pyelonephritis), kidney stones, tumors and acute kidney injury.

12. CNS Pathology: Headaches (primary and secondary), movement disorders, dementias and seizures.

13. Osteoarticular and Skin Pathology: Arthritis, arthrosis and skin pathology.

14. Clarification of doubts

Periodic Assessment

1. Theoretical Midterm Exam (65% of the Final Grade): Written multiple-choice exam (40 questions), integrating theory and short clinical cases. Minimum grade of 9.5 points.

2. Clinical Case Presentation (35% of the Final Grade): Presentation of a clinical case during theoretical-practical classes. Minimum grade of 9.5 points.

Assessment by Final Exam The written exam maintains the same weighting as the periodic assessment, requiring a minimum grade of 9.5 points in each component, and is structured as follows:

• Theoretical Component (65% of the Final Grade): Written multiple-choice exam following the same format described for the theoretical midterm exam.

• Theoretical-Practical Component (35% of the Final Grade): Intended for students who did not participate in or did not pass the practical component of the periodic assessment. It consists of a 20-minute theoretical-practical exam, comprising 2 complete clinical cases with multiple-choice questions.

NAO