Methods and Techniques in Radiotherapy II

The student should have knowledge of methods and techniques in radiotherapy.

Teaching is supervised by teachers or professionals in practice who collaborate with ESTeSC in the Degree in Medical Imaging and Radiotherapy.

It is up to the holder of the UC to define the objectives and forms of evaluation of the UC in coordination with the service’s employees.

Students will be encouraged to apply the theoretical and technical-scientific knowledge acquired during the course, using scientific terminology properly, in a simulated clinical environment (use of phantoms).

All topics in the area of intervention should be addressed using planning CT, in order to root technical-scientific attitudes that will be developed in a real context in the UC of Clinical Internship.

The student must acquire knowledge about:

The areas of intervention of radiographer, in the area of Radiotherapy (RT); The methodologies related to the performance of immobilization/ pre-planning image acquisition at RT; More appropriate professional attitudes versus patient constraints.

The student must acquire skills in:

Follow, according to the technical indications, the methodology required to prepare the patient for an immobilization procedure/pre-planning image acquisition in RT; About the procedures performed in the clinical context, understanding the objective and specificity of each one in the application in different oncological pathologies.

The student must acquire skills in:

Relational in the sense of recognizing the fragility of the patient and openness to the need for empathy in the approach to the same; Contribute to the physical, psychological and social well-being of the patient; Good conduct in the relationship with the patient in accordance with presuppositions of professional ethics.

In a clinical context (or alternatively in a school environment), under the direct supervision of an advisor, students will be encouraged to simulate attitudes and techniques of radiotherapy treatment in phantoms and, when possible, among peers.

Subjects:

Apply radiological protection standards in relation to the patient and himself;

Identify the data in the registration and verification system; Identify the most used techniques and treatment modalities depending on the location of the tumor;

Distinguish the different steps of the process: diagnosis, planning and treatment;

Make contact with equipment and other specific materials;

Position and execute immobilization techniques with rigor;

Perform with skill and rigor all procedures related to planning in Tc;

Quality Assurance and Control.

Diffrent modules:

Module 1 – Positioning and Immobilization Techniques

Immobilization devices (masks, bases/supports/support systems, protective mattresses, among others, reusable whenever possible), based on sustainability, involve reducing waste and pollution; Laser marking and alignment; Specific positions: head, thoracic region, abdominal-pelvic region, and limbs versus pathology; Accurate positioning and immobilization techniques.

Module 2 – Simulation and Image Acquisition

Acquisition of simulated 3D (phantom) and 4D planning CT scans; Anatomical recognition and referencing; Data transfer to the planning system.

Module 3 – Safety, Communication, and Humanization

Distinguish the different steps of the process: diagnosis, planning, and treatment; Notions of practical radiation protection for the patient and oneself; Simulation, reception, and communication, emphasizing clear and accessible explanations of the treatment steps, side effects, and necessary care; Active listening to understand the patient’s questions, fears, and expectations, using simple language and avoiding excessive technical terms; Individualization of care, respecting cultural and social values; Care during the procedure based on humanization in patient immobilization, explaining each step to reduce discomfort, respecting privacy (use of sheets, explanations before body exposure); Teamwork and technical record-keeping (positioning notes).

Module 4 – Verification and Correction (IGRT)

Verification methods (CBCT, portals, kV/MV) – offline review; Assessment of deviations and corrections in a simulated environment; Assessment of verification effectiveness and impact on dose

Module 5 – Learning with a Linear Accelerator (in a simulated environment)

Control interface: dose parameters, exposure time, energies, and fields; Treatment preparation sequence: checklist, plan verification, patient identity confirmation (simulated); Safety procedures: tolerances, interlocks, emergency stop; Individual or paired practical tasks: Treatment preparation and patient alignment; Application of safety measures; Communication between the technical team during treatment execution (simulated).

The Curricular Unit (UC) in question has as its mission to prepare for professional performance in the field of radiotherapy. Students will be tutored, in small groups, by a professional in a real clinical environment. They will simulate, in phantoms, anatomical models and/or between pairs, under observation of the tutor, all procedures leading to radiotherapy interventions in the department where the UC takes place. In this sense, the contents explained above reflect the areas and techniques that take place in a radiotherapy department.

Continuous assessment throughout the semester:

1. Attendance and punctuality – 7%, obtained by 75% class attendance (5%) and adherence to schedules (2%).

2. Technical knowledge – 10%

Correct application of theory during practice.

Mastery of radiotherapy protocols and concepts.

3. Professional posture and attitude – 10% - Ethics, responsibility, personal presentation, and behavior.

4. Communication and humanization – 8% - Clarity and empathy in communication with patients and staff.

5. Teamwork and reflection – 7.5%

Cooperation, respect for team roles, and a collaborative spirit.

Critical ability to evaluate one's own performance.

6. Portfolio – 12.5% - Organization, reflective depth, clarity of ideas, and consistent practice records.

7. Practical assessment (practical exam) – 45%

Performance of a procedure or simulation under direct observation by the faculty member (in a hospital setting).

Practical Skills (Execution)

Patient positioning, use of immobilization systems, and correct alignment.

Safety and Biosafety

Strict adherence to radiation protection standards.

Exam Assessment:

1. Preparation and organization – 10%

Punctuality, proper use of uniform.

Proper preparation of the environment and materials.

2. Applied technical knowledge – 20%

Ability to connect theory and practice during the exam.

Accurate application of protocols.

3. Practical execution (procedures) – 40%

Proper patient positioning and use of immobilization systems.

Precise alignment with simulation/treatment equipment.

Proper operation of equipment, following safety standards.

4. Safety and biosafety – 15%

Compliance with radiation protection standards.

Prevention of risks to the patient, staff, and self.

5. Communication and professional demeanor – 15%

Clarity and empathy when explaining procedures to the "patient" (real or simulated).

Respect, ethics, and appropriate behavior. The minimum grade required for approval is 9.5 in each of the moments.

NAO