Base Knowledge
Electric Power Systems, Power Systems Analysis, Matlab/Simulink
Teaching Methodologies
The teaching methodologies, that promote active and collaborative learning, follow a temporal sequence that enables students to acquire theoretical concepts, solve a set of exercises and carry out practical case studies. In order to analyze some complex engineering problems dedicated software is introduced to the students.
Learning Results
Goals
The main aims of this course unit are:
To understand and explain the SCADA/EMS/DMS.
To understand the main load forecasting techniques.
To understand and explain the automatic generation control and carry out a small-signal analysis of a multi-area system.
To understand and to explain dynamic mechanisms behind angle stability problems in electric power systems, including physical phenomena, modelling issues and simulations.
To understand the weighted least-squares state estimation method of an electric power system.
To understand the main issues related to the integration of alternative sources of energy into the electric power grid
Skills
At the end of this course unit the learner is expected to be able:
To understand the main functions and issues involved in different activities associated with power systems supervision and control.
To design, conduct experiments and solve practical real-world issues in power systems control and operation.
To identify, formulate and solve engineering problems related to power system control and stability.
To communicate in a professional and technical manner, both in written and oral form, the subjects related to this course.
Program
1. Supervision, control and protection of a Power System: Control Centres, Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA), Energy Management Systems (EMS), Distribution Management Systems (DMS)
2. Load forecast
3. Electric Power Systems State Estimation: Introduction to State Estimation in Power Systems; Weighted Least Squares Estimation; State Estimation of an AC Network; Fast Decoupled State Estimation Methods; State Estimation by Orthogonal Decomposition; Network Observability and Pseudo-measurements, Detection and Identification of Bad Measurements
4. Control in Power Systems: Load Frequency Control, Frequency Secondary Control, Automatic Generation Control, AGC in a Single Area System and in a Multiarea System, Tertiary Control; Reactive Power and Voltage Control, Voltage Control Mechanisms, Excitation System Stabilizer, PID Controller, AGC Including Excitation System
5. Electric Power Systems Stability: State Transition Diagram; Steady-state and Transient Stability; Multimachine Time Domain Solution by Numerical Integration; Classic Model and Detailed Model of the electric power network components; Techniques to Improve the Transient Stability of an EPS; Voltage Stability; Frequency Stability
6. Integration of Renewable Energy in Electric Power Systems
Curricular Unit Teachers
Carlos Manuel Borralho Machado FerreiraGrading Methods
The continuous/periodic evaluation involves completing two tests during the semester (TE1 and TE2). The final grade (NF) is calculated as follows: NF = 0.5 TE1 + 0.5 TE2. For those choosing the evaluation by final exam (EF), a written assessment replaces the partial tests. In this case, the final grade is determined solely based on the examination, i.e., NF = EF. The overall grade is assigned by weighing the results obtained in the theoretical part (50%) and practical part (50%).
All students enrolled in the course have access to partial assessment tests, provided that the number of unexcused absences from classes (theoretical and practical) does not exceed 25% of the total classes offered. Absences made by students during the academic activities, particularly those of students covered by special regulations, may be justified if they fit within the situations outlined in Article 31 of the “Regulamento Académico do 2.º Ciclo de Estudos do Instituto Politécnico de Coimbra” and other applicable legislation and regulations. Such absences will not be taken into account for the purpose of frequency assessment of the course.
Continuous/periodic assessment:
First assessment test in the 8th academic week (TE1): 50%
Second assessment test in the 15th academic week (TE2): 50%
Assessment by exam:
Final Exam (EF): 100%
Both assessments and the final exam are graded on a scale from 0 to 20 values, and it is mandatory to achieve a minimum grade of 3.0 values in each part (theoretical and practical). A minimum overall grade of 9.5 values is required for approval.
Internship(s)
NAO
Bibliography
Mandatory literature (available in the ISEC library)
– Paiva, J. P. (2007). Redes de Energia Eléctrica, uma Análise Sistémica (2ª ed.). IST Press.
Cota: 1-2-264 e 1-2-262 (two books avaiable)
– Grainger, J. J., & Stevenson, W. D. (1994). Power System Analysis. McGraw-Hill.
Cota: 1-2-193
Complementary Bibliography
– Saadat, H. (2011). Power System Analysis (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill.
– Wood, A., Wollenberg, B., & Sheblé, G. (2013). Power Generation, Operation and Control (3rd ed.). Wiley.
– Castro, R., & Pedro, E. (2015). Exercício de Redes e Sistemas de Energia Eléctrica (2ª ed.). IST Press.
– Thomas, M. S., & McDonald, J. D. (2015). Power System SCADA and Smart Grids. CRC Press.
– Bretas, A., Bretas, N., London Jr, J. B., & Carvalho, B. (2021). Cyber-physical power systems state estimation. Elsevier.
– Moreno-Muñoz, A. (Ed.). (2024). Large Scale Grid Integration of Renewable Energy Sources: Solutions and Technologies (2nd ed.). IET.
Available Support Material
Lecture notes, notes of practical classes and examples of practical exercises.