Hydraulics II

Mathematical, physical and hydraulic knowledge obtained in curricular units taught in the previous semesters.

Teaching consists of an initial theoretical presentation, followed by practical exercises. The exercises portray
real situations, making the pupils familiar with the way fluid mechanics can be applied to the resolution of
engineering problems. In the theoretical presentation the expository and inquisitive method is used. In the
practical applications a demonstration of the methodologies is first introduced. Then new problems are
proposed and students are encouraged to find out the solution. In the laboratorial lessons several assays are
carried through, having the pupils to elaborate a small report. This activity has didactic value and allows the
pupil to relate the theory with the obtained practical results.
A final exam with a theoretical part (7 points) and a practical part (11 points) is carried through; the set of
practical laboratory works has a quotation of 2 points. The approval requires a global positive mark with a
minimum of 2 points in the theoretical part.

The aim of this course is to complement the basic training in fluid mechanics gained in the course of
Hidráulica Geral 1, required for the activity of an engineer in planning, design and management of hydraulic
systems. On successful completion of this course, students will have the capacity to:
1. Solve problems related to the design and sizing of complex hydraulic systems namely: systems of multiple
interconnected tanks; piping systems in series and parallel; water distribution networks;
2. Solve simple problems related to flow through weirs and orifices;
3. Solve problems related to the design and sizing of open channel flow systems;
4. Solve problems related to the design and sizing of pumping systems.

1. PRESSURE FLOW: Minor Losses; Pipe Systems; Pipes in series and parallel; Multiple pipes and multiple
reservoirs; Pipe networks.
2. OPEN CHANNEL FLOW: Classification of open channel flows; Uniform flow; Simple sections; Velocity
distribution; Closed sections; Nonuniform perimeters; Gradually varied flow; Specific energy; Flow control;
Classification of surface profiles; Examples of gradually varied flow; Rapidly varied flow – hydraulic jump.
3.FLOW TROUGH ORIFICES AND WEIRS
4.TURBOMACHINERY: 4.1Turbines: Classification of turbines; Reaction turbines installations; Impulse turbines
installations; Specific speed; Runaway speed; Cavitation of the turbine; Turbine performance curves; Selection
of turbines; Miniturbines.
4.2 Pumps: Classification of pumps; Centrifugal pump installations; Axial pump installations; Specific speed;
Pump performance curves; Matching a pump to a piping system; Pumps in parallel or series connection; Pump
start-up and priming; Suction limitations of pumps.

NAO