Applied Thermodynamics

Basic knowledge of thermodynamics and heat transfer.

During the semester visits to the ISEC Laboratories relevant to this course are carried out, in order to motivate students to the contents. At the theoretical classes, content is usually exposed and developed using audiovisual equipment. At the theoretical-practical classes, a theoretical introduction is initially made and then typical problems are solved.

The aim of this course is to convey to students the concepts of thermodynamics relevant to the MSc and complement the training in the area of heat transfer, so that they can acquire the required skills. This course contributes mainly to the acquisition by the students of the following specific skills:
– To design and select thermal equipments as well as supervise their implementation;
– Ability to perform thermal and acoustic design of buildings, as well as to conduct energy audits;
– To design heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems as well as supervise their implementation;
– To design refrigeration and freezing systems and supervise their implementation;
– To design and supervise the implementation of alternative energy production systems, taking into account factors such as operating efficiency, safety and environmental impact.

1. Introduction. 
Basic Concepts of Thermodynamics. First Law of Thermodynamics.
2. Heat Transfer. 
Introduction. Heat transfer on finned surfaces. Types of heat exchangers and modes of operation. Overall coefficient of heat transfer. Heat exchanger analysis (DMLT method; e-NUT method).
3. Second Law of Thermodynamics. 
Introduction. Thermal machines. Eficiency of energy conversions. Refrigerators and heat pumps. Reversible and irreversible processes. Carnot thermal machine. Carnot refrigerator and heat pump.
4. Entropy. 
Introduction. Entropy change of substances. Reversible flow work. Isentropic efficiencies of devices.
5. Exergy. 
Availability-Maximum Work Potencial. Reversible work and irreversibility. Second law efficiency. Exergy change of systems. Decrease of exergy principle.
6. Power Cycles. 
Otto Cycle. Diesel cycle. Stirling and Ericson cycles. Brayton Cycle. Brayton cycle with regeneration.  Brayton cycle with intercooling, reheating and regeneration. Ideal jet propulsion cycles.
7. Vapor and Combined Power Cycles. 
Carnot Vapor cycle. Rankine cycle. Ideal reheat Rankine cycle.  Ideal regenerative Rankine cycle.Cogeneration. Binary vapor cycles. Combined power cycles.
8. Refrigeration cycles. 
Reversed Carnot cycle. Ideal vapor-compression refrigeration cycles. Actual vapor-compression refrigeration cycles. Heat pumps. Gas refrigeration cycles. Absorption refrigeration systems. Thermoelectric cooling systems.
9. Combustion. 
Gas mixtures. Fuels and combustion. Theoretical and actual combustion processes. Enthalpy of formation and enthalpy of combustion. Adiabatic flame temperature. Combustion systems.

NAO

Recommended Bibliography:

CENGEL, Y.A., BOLES, M. A. – Termodinâmica, McGraw-Hill, 3ª Edição, 2001. ISBN: 972-773-097-3. 5-6-3 (ISEC) – 12855.
CENGEL, Y.A., BOLES, M. A. – •Thermodynamics : an engineering approach, McGraw-Hill, 2nd Edi., 1994. ISBN 0-07-114104-9. 5-6-63 (ISEC) – 07993.
INCROPERA, F.P.; DEWITT, D.P. – Fundamentos de Transferência de Calor e de Massa, LTC Editora, 5ª Edição, 2003. ISBN: 85-216-1378-4. 6-7-145 (ISEC) – 13575.
INCROPERA, F.P.; DEWITT, D.P. – Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, John Wiley & Sons, 5th Ed., 2001. ISBN: 0471386502. 6-7-158 (ISEC) – 11848.
VAZ, G.C. – Termodinâmica Aplicada – Apontamentos, 2023.