Circuitos Eletrónicos

No base knowledge recommended .

The following teaching methodologies are used in this course unit:

1. Expository method: explanatory method where theoretical foundations and concepts are presented by the teacher and discussed with the class. Concepts and information will be presented to students through, for example, slide presentations or oral discussions. It will be used in classes to structure and outline the information.

2. Demonstrative method: based on the example given by the teacher of a technical or practical operation that one wishes to be learned. It focuses on how a given operation is carried out, highlighting the most appropriate techniques, tools and equipment. It will be used, for example, in practical and laboratory classes.

3. Interrogative method: process based on verbal interactions, under the direction of the teacher, adopting the format of questions and answers. It allows for greater dynamics in the classroom and consolidates learning. It will be used, for example, to remember elements of previous classes and in revisions of the lectured content.

4. Active methods: pedagogical techniques will be used in which the student is the center of the learning process, being an active participant and involved in his own training. The teacher assumes the role of facilitator, stimulating critical thinking, collaboration, creativity and student autonomy. They will be applied in classes to achieve a dynamic and more lasting learning environment.

At the end of the course unit the student will be able to:

1. Describe the main quantities of an electrical circuit. Analyze the principles of Ohm’s and Joule’s laws. Use Ohm’s and Joule’s laws in real-world problems. Determine measurement errors. Summarize the characteristics of generators with and without load.

2. Analyze direct current (DC) circuits. Differentiate between series and parallel connections. Use generalized Ohm’s law and Kirchhoff’s laws to calculate essential electrical quantities in a circuit. Evaluate measurements to detect anomalies. Demonstrate the use of Thevenin and superposition theorems. Analyze capacitor associations and their characteristics. Build circuits of medium complexity.

3. Describe fundamental concepts of magnetism and electromagnetism. Explain how electric currents generate magnetic fields. Relate the direction of the magnetic field with the direction of the electric current. Analyze the magnetization process in ferrous materials. Explain the principles of electromagnetic induction.

4. Analyze alternating current (AC) circuits. Relate the parameters of the sine wave, such as amplitude, frequency and phase. Justify the behavior of capacitors and coils in an AC circuit. Apply Ohm’s Law to AC circuits. Develop and interpret vector diagrams in AC circuits. Analyze RLC circuits in series and parallel. Define impedance in an AC circuit context. Evaluate power in AC circuits. Explain power factor compensation. Describe the fundamental concepts of three-phase alternating current.

5. Define semiconductors. Describe the properties of semiconductor materials. Explain the difference between P- and N-type semiconductors. Analyze the functioning of the PN junction. Indicate the polarization modes of diodes in simple circuits. Explain the rectification process in circuits with diodes. Design direct current power supplies using diodes. Analyze the performance of power supplies. Explain how Zener diodes work. Describe special applications of diodes, such as voltage regulators.

6. Describe the characteristics of bipolar transistors. Identify the different operating regions of a bipolar transistor (cutoff, saturation and active). Explain the characteristics of JFETs and MOSFETs field effect transistors. Describe CMOS technology. Explain the operating principles and applications of CMOS technology in integrated circuits. Describe the different amplifier assemblies. Distinguish the different classes of amplification. Design polarization circuits.

7. Define amplifiers and their role in electronic circuits. Compare different types of amplifiers and their applications. Describe the characteristics of operational amplifiers (Op Amps). Identify different types of operational amplifiers and their functions. Analyze the operation of inverting, non-inverting and voltage follower amplifiers. Analyze active high-pass (HPF), low-pass (LPF) and band-pass (BPF) filters. Design summing circuits, D/A converters and active filters using operational amplifiers. Describe the operation of comparator circuits. Analyze linear circuit problems with operational amplifiers.

8. Describe the fundamental components of power supplies. Identify the function of transformers and rectifiers in power supplies. Explain different rectification methods such as half-wave rectification and full-wave rectification. Compare the advantages and disadvantages of each type of rectification. Analyze the characteristics and limitations of voltage regulators. Explain the operating principles of Zener diodes as voltage regulators. Summarize protection systems against short circuits in power supplies.

1. Electrical circuit. Fundamental electrical circuit quantities. Ohm’s and Joule’s laws. Measuring techniques and equipment. Association of resistors. Electrical energy and power. Efficiency. Generators and receivers.

2. Direct Current (DC) Circuits. Generalized Ohm’s law. Kirchhoff’s laws and analysis of resistive circuits. Simplification of circuits. Voltage and current dividers. Thevenin and superposition theorems. DC capacitor.

3. Magnetism and electromagnetism. Magnetic field and its generation by electric currents. Electromagnetic forces. Magnetization of ferrous materials. Magnetic circuits and electromagnetic induction.

4. Alternating Current (AC) Circuits. Fundamentals of sinusoidal AC. Behavior of capacitors and coils in AC. Ohm’s law in AC and vectors diagrams. Series and parallel RLC circuits. Impedance. AC power and power factor correction. Sum of powers and introduction to three-phase AC.

5. Semiconductors. Properties of semiconductors materials. P and N type semiconductors. PN junction. Semiconductor diodes: types, polarization and circuits. Rectification and filtering. DC power supplies. Zener diodes and special applications.

6. Transistors. Bipolar transistors: characteristics and applications. JFETs and MOSFETs: characteristics and applications. CMOS technology.

7. Amplifiers. Operational amplifiers: characteristics and types. Inverting, non-inverting, and voltage follower amplifiers. Adder circuits and D/A converters. Active filters (HPF, LPF, e BPF). Comparator circuits.

8. Power Supplies. Principles of DC power supplies. Voltage stabilization circuits: types and applications. Voltage regulators: Zener diode, transistorized, and integrated.

• - Written tests and laboratory work - 100.0%

NAO

Amaral, A. (2015). Análise de Circuitos e Dispositivos Eletrónicos (2ª ed.). Publindústria.

Amaral, A. (2017). Eletrónica Analógica (1ª ed.). Edições Sílabo.

Amaral, A. (2019). Eletrónica Digital (1ª ed.). Edições Sílabo.

Amaral, A. (2021). Eletrónica Aplicada (1ª ed.). Edições Sílabo.

Baptista, A., Fernandes, C., & Pestana, J. (2012). Fundamentos de Eletrónica (1ª ed.). Lidel – Edições Técnicas, Lda.

Geier, M. (2015). How to Diagnose and Fix Everything Electronic (2ª ed.). McGraw Hill.

Horowitz, P. & Hill, W. (2016). The Art of Electronics (3ª ed.). Cambridge University Press.

Meireles, V. (2012). Circuitos Elétricos (8ª ed.). Lidel – Edições Técnicas, Lda.

Santos, J. (2016). Análise de Circuitos Elétricos (1ª ed.). Publindústria.

Scherz, P., & Monk, S. (2016). Practical Electronics for Inventors (4ª ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.

Silva, M. (2014). Introdução aos Circuitos Eléctricos e Electrónicos (6ª ed.). Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian.