Energy and Environment

Basic knowledge in the areas of Energy and Environment.

Topics at theoretical classes are presented through an application-driven approach, which tries to trigger discussion within the audience. “What-if” questions are extensively raised to engage students in the discussion. Students are also urged to deepen the study through self-conducted research. Moreover, each student presents case studies in classroom environment on several topics: rational energy consumption, life-cycle assessment, industrial symbiosis and environmental management tools. These presentations are followed by a discussion period. If possible, a field visit to an industrial plant is also provided.

The main aims of this course unit are: to provide students with the knowledge to select energy efficient
solutions, both in terms of supply and demand; provide students with concepts and methodologies that
enable them to assess different products and systems, in particular energy systems, in order to improve the
sustainability of these products and systems.
In the end of the course unit, students are expected to be able to:
• understand the energy context in its various aspects;
• know how to perform an energy audit;
• master different measures for the rational use of energy, including designing a plan for the rationalization
of energy consumption;
• perform an environmental life-cycle assessment of a product or service;
• understand the importance of industrial ecology and industrial symbiosis as a paradigm of a circular economy;
• recognize the importance of environmental management systems in organizations.

1. Introduction: Energy Transformations. Energy terminology. Energy Indicators. Conversion factors and energy equivalence coefficients. The energy sector versus the problems of climate change and strong energy dependence. The energy and environmental goals for 2030. Importance of energy management.

2. Supply and Demand of Energy: Conventional and decentralized energy supply. Cogeneration: technologies; benefits and target sectors. Comparison of technologies in terms of efficiency and in terms of environmental impacts. Characterization of energy demand by activity sector. Major energy policies. Energy Performance Certification of Buildings. The electricity tariff and its contribution to the conditioning of electricity demand.

3. Energy Audits: Objectives of energy audits. General plan for carrying out an audit. Map type. Main stages of an audit. Treatment and analysis of energy information. Energy accounting. Instrumentation for audits.

4. SGCIE and Energy Consumption Rationalization Plans: Management System for Intensive Energy Consumption (SGCIE). Specific reference consumption. Reduction of specific consumption. Setting goals. Methodology for implementing a consumption rationalization plan.

5. Rational Use of Energy in End Applications: Power reduction. Power Factor Correction. Natural and artificial lighting. Design of efficient buildings. Heating, ventilation, air conditioning and refrigeration systems. Heat and cold storage systems.

6. Life Cycle Assessment: Concepts and stages of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology. System inputs and outputs. Functional unit and reference flows. Methodologies for accounting for co-products. Environmental impact assessment: stages, evaluation methods and impact categories. Difficulties and methodological challenges. Applications.

7. Industrial Ecology: Definition and historical perspective. Tools to support Industrial Ecology: LCA and Ecodesign. Industrial metabolism and industrial symbioses: Optimization of materials and energy flows. Industrial Eco-parks. Applications.

8. Waste Management: Waste typologies and their classification. Hierarchy of residues. Specific streams. Waste management and circular economy.

9. Environmental Management Systems: Definition and objectives. Implementation and operation of the system. Certification of Environmental Management Systems: ISO 14000 standards and Eco-Management Audit Scheme (EMAS). Applications.

NAO

Main Bibliography:

• CARVALHO A (2021). Diapositivos de Energia e Ambiente – Parte I. Disponíveis na plataforma digital oficial do ISEC.
• MALÇA J (2021). Diapositivos de Energia e Ambiente – Parte II. Disponíveis na plataforma digital oficial do ISEC.
• RIBEIRO DE SÁ, AF (2010). Guia de Aplicações de Gestão de Energia e Eficiência Energética, 2ª ed.
Publindústria. ISBN: 9789728953447 (Cota 1-9-156)
• WAYNE C and DOTY S (2007). Energy management handbook. 6th ed. Fairmont Press. ISBN: 0-88173-542-6 (Cota 1-9-150)
• CAPEHART B, TURNER W and KENNEDY W (2008). Guide to energy management. 6th ed. Fairmont Press. ISBN: 0-88173-605-8. (Cota 1-9-151)
• SGCIE (Sistema de Gestão dos Consumos Intensivos de Energia), 2008. Diário da República n.º 74/2008, Série I de 2008-04-15. https://data.dre.pt/eli/dec-lei/71/2008/04/15/p/dre/pt/html
• BAUMANN H, TILLMAN AM (2004). The Hitch Hiker´s Guide to LCA, An orientation in life cycle
assessment methodology and application. Studentlitteratur. ISBN: 91-44-02364-2 (Cota 6-16-19)
• GRAEDEL TE, ALLENBY BR (2010). Industrial Ecology and Sustainable Engineering. Intl. Edition, Pearson.
ISBN: 978-0-13-814034-2 (Cota 7-12-249)
• OLIVEIRA JF, MENDES B, LAPA N (2009). Resíduos: Gestão, tratamento e sua problemática em Portugal.
LIDEL. ISBN: 978-972-757-504-6 (Cota 7-12-251)
• Textos de apoio (artigos científicos, relatórios e outros documentos) cedidos pelos docentes durante as
aulas
• Normas, diretivas e regulamentos com relevância para o conteúdo programático da unidade curricular

Complementary Bibliography:

• DEEC-FCTUC (2007). Manual técnico de gestão de energia. ISBN: 978-972-8822-10-1 (Cota 1-9-145)
• Ordem dos Engenheiros RC (2001). A Eficiência Energética como Factor de Poupança: Das Ideias ao Projecto. ISBN: 972-97231-8-4 (Cota 1-9-106)
• CCE (Centro para a Conservação de Energia), 1997. Manual do Gestor de Energia. ISBN: 972-97094-0-8 (Cota 1-9-19).
• PNEC 2030 (Plano Nacional Energia e Clima 2021-2030). Diário da República n.º 133/2020, Série I de 2020-07-10. https://data.dre.pt/eli/resolconsmin/53/2020/07/10/p/dre
• Roteiro para a Neutralidade Carbónica 2050. Diário da República n.º 123/2019, Série I de 2019-07-01. https://data.dre.pt/eli/resolconsmin/107/2019/07/01/p/dre
• Sistema de Certificação Energética de Edifícios. Decreto-Lei n.º 101-D/2020 que estabelece os requisitos aplicáveis a edifícios para a melhoria do seu desempenho energético. Diário da República n.º 237/2020, 1º Suplemento, Série I de 2020-12-07. https://data.dre.pt/eli/dec-lei/101-D/2020/12/07/p/dre
• Estratégia de Longo Prazo para a Renovação dos Edifícios. Resolução do Conselho de Ministros n.º 8-A/2021. Diário da República n.º 23/2021, 1º Suplemento, Série I de 2021-02-03. https://data.dre.pt/eli/resolconsmin/8-A/2021/02/03/p/dre
• Diretiva (UE) 2018/2002 do Parlamento Europeu e do Conselho (2018), que altera a Diretiva 2012/27/UE relativa à eficiência energética. OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p. 210–230 (PT, EN) http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2018/2002/oj
• FERRÃO P (1998). Introdução à Gestão Ambiental: A Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida de Produtos. IST Press. (Cota 7-12-217)
• FERRÃO P (2009). Ecologia Industrial: Princípios e Ferramentas. IST Press. (Cota 7-12-235)
• GIANNETTI BF, ALMEIDA CM (2009). Ecologia Industrial, Conceitos, Ferramentas e Aplicações, Edgard
Blücher. ISBN: 978-85-212-0370-4 (Cota 7-12-244)
• EUROSTAT (2020). Energy, transport and environment statistics – 2020 edition. ISBN: 978-92-76-20736-8. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/en/web/products-statistical-books/-/ks-dk-20-001
• Decisão (UE) 2020/519 da Comissão relativa ao documento de referência setorial sobre as melhores práticas de gestão ambiental, indicadores de desempenho ambiental setoriais e indicadores de excelência para o setor da gestão de resíduos. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/PT/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32020D0519
• Regulamento n.º 1221/2009 do Parlamento Europeu e do Conselho relativo à participação voluntária de organizações num sistema comunitário de ecogestão e auditoria (EMAS). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/PT/TXT/?uri=celex:32009R1221