Equipments and Thermal Processes

– Thermodynamics;

– Fluid Mechanics;

– Heat Transmission.

The curricular unit is organized in theoretical and theoretical-practical classes. Theoretical classes are dedicated to the exposure and discussion of the subjects taught. The presentations are complemented with technical documentation and two visits to the Laboratory of Thermal Systems is also carried out for students to contact the thermal equipment and systems that exist there.

Theoretical-practical classes are used to solve application exercises.

It is intended that students acquire congruent and in-depth knowledge in the areas of production, transport and use of thermal energy, and, in particular, that they know the constitution and understand the operation of the different types of boilers and heat exchangers, as well as having the capacity to install, operate and maintain this equipment. It is also intended that students learn to perform combustion calculations, to analyze combustion graphs and to perform energy balances. This curricular unit contributes to the achievement of the following specific skills:

– To know, understand and know how to apply the laws of thermodynamics and heat transmission, including the ability to perform thermal balances;

– Understand the operation and be able to install, operate and maintain thermal machines in general.

1. Combustion

Definition. Complete and incomplete combustion. Stoichiometric combustion. Excess air. Fuels and their properties. Higher and lower heating values. Ignition temperature. Chemical reaction equations. Combustion calculations and analysis. Combustion graphs. Emissions limits.

2. Boilers

Definition and main applications. Classification. Boiler types and their components. Boiler equipment and fittings. Combustion systems. Steam superheaters, desuperheaters and reheaters. Economizers and water preheaters. Combustion air heaters. Cogeneration plants. Energy losses and boiler efficiency.

3. Heat exchangers

Definition and application fields. Classification. Types of heat exchangers: double pipe heat exchangers, shell and tube heat exchangers, plate heat exchangers, extended surface heat exchangers and regenerators. Components and fittings. Operational features.

4. Energy balances

Energy balance of a thermal power plant.

NAO

Recommended Bibliography:

•  GRADE, A. (2020). Textos de Apoio às Aulas Teóricas. ISEC (available on the academic platform InforEstudante)

•  JUANICO, F. (1992). Geradores de calor. ECEMEI (available from the ISEC Library: 4-12-35)

•  KITTO, J.B., RAHN, C.H., STULTZ, S.C. (1992). Steam, Its Generation and Use (40ª ed.). Babcock & Wilcox Co. (available from the ISEC Library: 4-12-12)

•  STEINGRESS, F. M., FROST, H. J., WALKER, D. R. (2018). High Pressure Boilers (6ª ed.). Amer Technical Pub. (available from the ISEC Library: 4-12-37)

•  RAZNJEVIC, K. (1995). Handbook of Thermodynamic Tables (2ª ed.). Begell House, Inc. (available from the ISEC Library: 6-5A-27)

Complementary Bibliography:

•  GLASSMAN, I., YETTER, R., GLUMAC, N. (2014). Combustion (3ª ed.). Academic Press

•  SINGER, J. G. (1993). Combustion Fossil Power: A Reference Book on Fuel Burning and Steam Generation (4ª ed.). Combustion Engineering

•  KOHAN, A. L. (1997). Boiler Operator’s Guide (4ª ed.). McGraw-Hill Professional

•  KAKAC, S., LIU, H., KAKAC, S. (2012). Heat Exchangers: Selection, Rating and Thermal Design (3ª ed.). CRC Press

•  RAMESH, K. S., SEKULIC, D. P. (2003). Fundamentals of Heat Exchanger Design. Wiley

•  WALKER, G. (1990). Industrial Heat Exchangers: A Basic Guide (2ª ed.). John Benjamins Publishing Co.