Thermal Equipments

– Thermodynamics;

– Fluid Mechanics;

– Heat Transfer.

Presentation and discussion of the subjects taught in the theoretical classes. Problem solving in theoretical-practical classes. In practical classes, laboratory visits are carried out and software programs related to the subjects  are  presented.

This curricular unit aims to provide students with in-depth knowledge about thermal equipment and systems.

This curricular unit contributes to the following specific skills:

– Sizing and selection of thermal equipment;

– Design, supervise the thermal installation and ensure the efficient operation of thermal systems.

1. Combustion technology and equipment.

Most used fuels and their properties. Fundamental concepts of combustion. Optimization of combustion efficiency. Analysis and monitoring of gaseous emissions. Gas analyzers. Energy and performance losses. Burners of gaseous and liquid fuels. Gas installations in buildings. Maximum reference concentrations of pollutants inside buildings.

2. Heat exchangers with phase change. Heat and mass transfer exchangers.

Condensers and evaporators. Heat pipes. Cooling towers. Evaporative condensers.

3. Central heating installations and DHW production.

Hot water and hot air generators. Total and useful thermal power. Determining the performance of a boiler. Calculation of fuel consumption. Gas boiler for DHW production and central heating. Non-condensing and condensing hot water boilers. Biomass boilers. Stoves and stoves. Types of central heating and DHW installations. Instant DHW production with deposit. Monotube and bitube installations, Centralized and local temperature control. Terminal heating units: radiators, fan coil units and radiant panels.

4. Solar thermal systems.

Thermal solar collectors. Types of solar collectors. Constitution of solar collectors. Collector energy study. Useful thermal power. Yield. Characteristic curve. Selection of the most suitable type of collector for a given application. Orientation and inclination of solar collectors. Penalty curves. Shading. Systems with natural circulation and with forced circulation. Accumulation tank. Circulation pump. Expansion vessel. Air traps. Safety valves. Thermostatic mixing valve. Differential temperature regulator. Pipes and insulation.

5. Vapour and gas Turbines.

Description and classification. Control. Efficiency. Applications.

NAO

Recommended Bibliography:

• Vaz, G.C. (2024). Thermal Equipment – Theoretical Classes Presentations. ISEC (available on the academic platform InforEstudante)
• Vaz, G.C. (2024). Thermal Equipment – Support Texts to Theoretical-Practical Classes: ISEC (available on the academic platform InforEstudante).
• Lawn, C. J. (1987). Principles of Combustion Engineering for Boilers. Academic Press. (available in the ISEC Library: 6-7-118)
• Kitto, J. B.; Rahn, C. H.; Stultz, S.C. (1992). Steam, Its Generation and Use (40th ed.). Babcock & Wilcox Co. (available in the ISEC Library: 4-12-12)
• Stanford, W.; Hill, G. B. (1972). Cooling Towers: Principles and Practice: A Practical Guide to Cooling Tower Selection and Operation. (2nd ed.). Birmingham: Carter Industrial Products. (disponível na Biblioteca do ISEC: 6-7-107)
• Day, A. R.; Ratcliffe, M. S.; Shepherd, K. J. (2008). Heating Systems, Plant and Control. Wiley-Blackwell. (disponível na Biblioteca do ISEC: 4-13-154)
• Recknagel; Sprenger (1972). Manual de Calefacción y Climatización. Editorial Blume. (available in the ISEC Library: 4-13-38)
• ASHRAE (2004). HVAC Systems and Equipment Handbook. ASHRAE. (available in the ISEC Library: 4-13-110CD/111CD)
• Duffie, J. A.; Beckman, W. A. (2013). Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes (4th ed.). John Wiley. (available in the ISEC Library: 4-13-84)
• Jutglar, L. (2004). Energia solar. Ceac. (available in the ISEC Library: 1-11-28)
• CEN (2000). EN 12975: Thermal Solar Systems and Components – Solar Collectors. CEN. (available in the ISEC Library: 2-6-995/996/997)
• Raznjevic, K. (1995). Handbook of Thermodynamic Tables (2nd ed.). Begell House, Inc. (available in the ISEC Library: 6-5A-27)

Complementary Bibliography:

• Glassman, I. (1996). Combustion (3th ed.). Academic Press.
• Singer, J. G. (1993). Combustion Fossil Power: A Reference Book on Fuel Burning and Steam Generation (4th ed.). Combustion Engineering, Inc.
• Stanford, H. W. (2016). HVAC Water Chillers and Cooling Towers: Fundamentals, Application and Operation (2nd ed.). CRC Press.
• Kakac, S.; Liu, H.; Pramuanjaroenkij, A. (2012). Heat Exchangers: Selection, Rating and Thermal Design (3th ed.). CRC Press.
• Shah, R. K.; Sekulic, D. P. (2003). Fundamentals of Heat Exchanger Design. Wiley.