Base Knowledge
The student must have basic knowledge of cardiac anatomy and physiology, as well as the contents covered in the UC of Initiation to Clinical Physiology.
Teaching Methodologies
In the theoretical aspect of teaching, a detailed presentation of the syllabus of the curricular unit is used, with an expository-active methodology appealing to the direct intervention of students, clearly favoring abundant iconography to the detriment of merely theoretical-descriptive teaching.
In the theoretical-practical aspect, presentation, discussion and technical reports of clinical cases will be carried out using images and videos.
On the practical side, priority is given to the practical execution of echocardiograms in the School’s laboratory, using pairs of students.
Learning Results
The student must acquire knowledge of:
• Cardiac ultrasound in the modes: M, two-dimensional, classical doppler and colour doppler as well as transesophageal echocardiography, stress echocardiography, contrast echocardiography and tissue doppler.
The student must acquire skills for:
• Identify and describe the normal anatomic aspect of the observed structures.
• Identify and describe the echocardiographic patterns of pathologies taught
• Make the best echocardiographic plans for obtaining the diagnosis
• To report the observations made
The student must acquire competences of:
• Develop the ability to expand their knowledge in cardiac ultrasound
• Be able to identify the best option among the different possibilities that technology offers for the best diagnosis
Program
1-Guedlines for assessment of cardiac chambers.
The importance of calculating body surface area.
Linear measurements of the aortic cavities and root.
Calculation of volumes and areas.
Study of ventricular function. LV ejection and shortening fraction.
Abnormal LV relaxation.
Echocardiographic parameters for studying the RV.
Volume and pressure overload. Assessment of global RV function.
PSAP calculation.
Study of the left and right auricles.
2-The Transesophageal echocardiogram
Indications for ETE.
Advantages, disadvantages and contraindications of TEE.
History of transesophageal echocardiography.
Probe and patient preparation.
The study plans by ETE.
3-Doppler echocardiographic Valvular Study
The echocardiographic pattern of the normal mitral valve.
The echocardiographic pattern of mitral stenosis.
Methods for evaluating the area: planimetry, THP and PISA.
Balloon valvuloplasty.
Mitral insufficiency. Grade quantification.
Mitral valve prolapse. The importance of the MM.
Concentric and eccentric regurgitation.
The normal aortic valve.
The bicuspid aortic valve.
Aortic stenosis. calculations of
maximum, average, and area gradient.
Hemodynamic severity of aortic stenosis
Aortic insufficiency and its quantification
Calcification of the mitral annulus.
Tricuspid valve disease.
Calculation of PASP using the inspiratory collapse of the IVC.
Pulmonary valvulopathy.
4 – Prosthetic valve
Types of prostheses.
Normal functioning of the prosthetic. The echocardiographic difference between mechanical and biological prostheses.
The prosthesis dysfunction.
5 – The tissue doppler echocardiogram
Clinical applications.
The center of gravity of the LV.
Intraparietal velocity gradients.
Speed calculations longitudinal in the mitral and tricuspid annulus
6- Echocardiography with contrast
History of contrast echocardiography.
Importance of second harmonic in echocardiographs.
Main applications
7 – Echocardiographic evaluation of coronary heart disease
The ischemic cascade.
The coronary territories.
Echocardiographic changes in myocardial infarction. The movement normal, hypokinetic, akinetic and dyskinetic walls.
Structural and hemodynamic complications of MS.
8-Stress Echocardiography
Protocols: dipyridamole; adenosine; dobutamine
Quantitative analysis of LV function
Echocardiographic evaluation of viability
Stress echocardiography with contrast
Curricular Unit Teachers
Internship(s)
NAO
Bibliography
PRIMARY BIBLIOGRAPHY:
ECOCARDIOGRAFÍA
Principios y Aplicaciones Clínicas
Tomos 1 e 2
Carlos Eduardo Suaide Silva
Revinter 2010
ECOCARDIOGRAFIA
H. Feigenbaum 6ª ed 2007
Editorial médica Panamericana
ECOCARDIOGRAFIA CLÍNICA PRÁTICA
OTTO 3ª edição 2010
Elsevier Sauders
ECOCARDIOGRAFIA TRANSTORÁCICA
Nuno Cardim
Edições Lidel
O ECOCARDIOGRAMA NO APOIO À DECISÃO CLÍNICA
Carlos Eduardo Silva
Revinter
ECOCARDIOGRAFIA
Clínica Mayo
Jaek Oh
James Seward
A Jamil Tajik
TEXTBOOK OF CLINICAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY
Catherine Otto
W.B Saunders Company
DOPPLER TISSUE IMAGING ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY
M.A. Garciaernandez et al
Mcgraw-Hill
STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY
5ª ed 2009
Eugenio Picano
Springer
ATLAS DE ECOCARDIOGRAFIA TRANSESOFAGICA
Nanda – Domanski
2ª ed. 2009
Editorial Amolca
A PRACTICAL APPROACH TO TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY
Perrino, A. – Reeves, S.
3ª ed. 2013
Lippincott
MANUAL OF 3D ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY + 3 DVDS
Amuthan, V.
1ª ed. 2013
Jaypee