Fundamentos de Ciências dos Materiais

Não aplicável

The curricular unit is organized in theoretical, theoretical-practical and laboratory practices.
Theoretical classes are essentially dedicated to the exhibition of contents, using the board and using slides projection with figures, diagrams, diagrams or auxiliary tables. In these classes, concrete examples related to industrial
practice are also frequently presented. Student participation is often raised through the formulation of questions that lead them to reflect on the issues addressed and create opportunities for clarifying concepts.
The theoretical-practical classes are reserved for the presentation of chapter 6 (Phase equilibrium diagrams), in which the exploration of specific parts of the program provides a more applied and appropriate approach to carrying out practical exercises. 
In practical classes, students come into contact with components from the different classes of materials studied, exploring the main properties displayed.
Students are familiar with equipment and experimental methods used to determine mechanical properties (tensile, compression, flexion, hardness and impact tests). These tests mainly use ferrous and non-ferrous metallic materials, as well as polymeric materials.

The main objectives of this course unit are: To familiarize the students with different types of engineering materials and their typical applications; To provide basic knowledge in materials science, necessary to understand the relationships between composition, structure and properties of materials; To introduce the students to experimental methods commonly used in the evaluation of mechanical properties of materials. Upon completion of this unit, the students should be able to: Know a wide range of engineering materials and their classification; Describe the structure and general properties of the main classes of materials; Understand fundamental aspects of the relationships between composition, structure and properties of materials; Know and understand specific properties and potential applications of the most common engineering materials; Perform tests to evaluate mechanical properties of materials and interpret their results.

1. Introduction to Materials
The importance of materials in Engineering. Materials Science and Engineering. Relationship between the chemical composition, structure, properties and processing of materials.
The role of materials in the circular economy.

2. Mechanical Properties of Materials
Elastic and plastic stress and strain; Tensile test and determination of mechanical properties from the force elongation curve. Understanding the concepts of modulus of elasticity, ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, work hardening, ductility and toughness.
Brinell, Rockwell and Vickers hardness test.
Fracture of materials – impact tests.
Other types of tests to determine mechanical properties: Compression and bending test.

3. Classification of Materials and Main Characteristics
Characterization of classes and subclasses of materials: Metallic materials; ceramic materials; polymeric materials; composite materials;
Properties and industrial application of the most representative materials of each class.

4. Atomic Structure and Chemical Bonding of Materials
Atomic structure and chemical bonds of the elements. Electronic configuration of chemical elements and their relationship with ionization energy and electronegativity.
Primary and secondary atomic bond. Characterization of ionic, covalent and metallic chemical bonds and their relationship with the properties of materials.

5. Structure of Materials inSolid State
Crystalline and amorphous solids. Grain size and monocrystalline and polycrystalline structures.
Description of the crystalline structure. Monocrystalline and polycrystalline materials.
Structure of metallic materials. Crystal structure of the simple cubic, body-centered cubic and face-centered cubic system. Crystal structure of the simple hexagonal and compact hexagonal system.
Slip systems of crystalline structures.
Interstices and defects of the crystalline structure.

6. Phase equilibrium diagrams:
Alloy, phase and microstructure definition. Solid phases types. Equilibrium diagrams of pure substances. Gibbs rule and lever rule.
Equilibrium diagrams of binary systems.

7. Solidification and solid-state diffusion:
Stages of solidification. Homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation. Crystal growth and grain formation.
Stages of solidification. Homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation. Crystal growth and grain formation.
Diffusion mechanisms: substitutional and interstitial diffusion.

NAO

Recommended:

• Smith, W. (1998), Princípios de Ciência e Engenharia dos Materiais, 3.ª edição, McGraw-Hill.

Complementary:

• Barralis, J & Maeder G. (1997). Prontuário de Metalurgia, Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian.
• SILVA, F. (2013), Materiais de Construção, Publindústria.
• Mano, E. & Mendes, L. (2004), Introdução a Polímeros, Edgard Bucher.
• Marcelo M. (2009), Materiais Compósitos, Materiais, Fabrico e Comportamento Mecânico, 2ª edição, Publindústria.
• Askeland, D.. (1994), The Science and Engineering of Materials, PWS Publishing, Boston.
• Callister, Jr. & William D. (2003),  Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
• Baptista, J, & Silva, R. (1998), Diagramas de Fases, Universidade de Aveiro.