Laboratory Techniques in Pharmacy

Basic kbnowledge of chemistry laboratory work.

Theoretical Matrix:
Essentially expository methodology by appropriate audiovisual media, calling for student participation.

Practice Matrix:
Dividing the class into groups of 2-3 students for practical laboratory.

i) Acquisition of theoretical bases to support laboratory work in the field of Chemistry and Pharmacy
ii) Acquisition of basic skills for laboratory work in the areas of Chemistry and Pharmacy, complying with the
appropriate safety and quality rules.
iii) Development of autonomy at the laboratory.

Theoretical matrix: (30h)
1- Introduction to the Lab:
Rules of procedure and safety standards in the Laboratory.
Material and equipment. Glassware, porcelain and metal
Hydrometers, thermometers, and scales.
2- Determination of mass, volume, temperature and density:
Weighing standards; Measuring volumes of liquids; Determination of density.

3- Proper Pharmaceutical Operations:
3.1- Operations-Mechanical Separation of solids: Triage and Sieving
3.2-Mechanical operations for separating solids from liquids or immiscible liquids. Decantation and
centrifugation
Filtration: Types and filtering media; Adjuvants of filtration. Clarification
3.3-Mechanical Operations Division of Solid: Coarse Division (Section, contusion, granulation and extinction)
Preliminary spraying operations (drying, softening and stabilization)
Spraying itself. Spraying techniques. Porphyrization. Powder mixing rules.
4- Unit Operations of Mass Transfer
4.1- Liquid-solid: Adsorption
4.2 – Solids extraction mechanisms; extractive solutions. Leaching.
5 – Unit Operations of mass and heat transfer simultaneously
5.1- Drying of solids by dispersion and freeze drying.
6- Concepts related to concentration ranges, primary and secondary patterns.
6.1- Primary substance. Primary standard and secondary standard. Types and classification of solutions.
Solubility.
6.2- Concentration units (mass fraction, mass /volume fraction, volume/volume fraction, mole fraction,
Molality, Molarity, mMol, Normality, mEq, ppm). Prescription-related calculations.
7- Sterilization: Concept of sterile.
7.1-Physical methods of sterilization: dry and moist heat; radiation; filtration
7.2- Chemical sterilization methods: formaldehyde, ethylene oxide, hydrogen peroxide and glutaraldehyde

Practice matrix: (30h)
Introduction to measurement techniques: medical papers;
Weighing and measuring of volume and temperature (experimental determination of the density)
Preparation of alcohol at several degrees from Portuguese Pharmacopeia tables.
Introduction to exctarction techniques: Preparation of macerates, decoctions and infusions for later use in
syrups and solutions for external use.
Introduction to spraying techniques, sieving, and blending of powders:
Preparation of a compound medicinal powder and packaging papers.
Introduction to the technique of preparation and standardization of solutions:
Preparation of a standardized solution for the measurement of a solution of unknown concentration.

NAO

Primary Bibliography:

• Pombeiro A. J. L. O., Técnicas e Operações Unitárias em Química Laboratorial, 4ª Edição, Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian. Lisboa 2003.

• Nogueira Prista, L., Correia Alves, A., Morgado, R., Sousa Lobo, J., Tecnologia Farmacêutica, I e II vols, 5ª Edição,
  Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian. Lisboa 2002

 Secondary Bibliography:

• J. A. Martinho Simões, et al., Guia do Laboratório de Química e Bioquímica, Lidel, Edições Técnicas Lda. Lisboa
  2000.
• Hugh D. Burrows, Mariette M. Pereira, Química Síntese e Estrutura uma abordagem prática, Escolar Editora. Lisboa 2006